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Space Facts: Part 7 - Mysterious Sun, Multiverse, Dark Matter

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Mysterious Sun: Even though we know Sun from centuries, there are many mysteries of Sun remained unsolved. Most popular mystery is regarding Corona of Sun. Corona is outer layer of Sun's atmosphere. Corona is hotter than the inner layer Chromosphere.  Sun's visible surface Photosphere has temperature 5800°C. Outer layer of Photosphere is Chromosphere. Temperature of Chromosphere is estimated to be 4000°C. But astonishing fact is that Corona (outermost layer of Sun) is 3 million ℃. This is not possible if Heat Transfer laws are to be considered.  To study about Sun in detail NASA sent a probe in 2018, ISRO will send Aaditya L1 probe to Langlargian L1 point from where Aaditya L1 will study the properties of Sun.  Are there Multiple Universes? Multiverse theory is Hypothetical theory giving arguments of multiple universe are present in space-time. Many different Multiverse theory are formed. According to one, different universe may have different laws ...
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Space Facts: Part 2 - Dark Matter, Comet 67P and Different types of Space Telescopes

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1. Dark Matter: Dark matter is made up of WIMP or AXION particles, WIMP means Weakly Intensive Massive Particles. 2. Comet: 67 P 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenkov comet takes 6.5 earth years to complete one revolution of solar system. Rosetta is the first satellite to reach comet's orbit. Rosetta is spacecraft from ESA (European Space Agency) which contained Rover and Orbiter. Comets generally come from Cloud of Urt or Kuiper Belt. 3. Space Telescopes and Observatories: There are different types of space observatories made by different space organizations like NASA, ESA, JAXA, ROSCOSMO, CNSA, ISRO, etc. X-Ray: Chandra X-Ray Spacecraft Gravity wave telescope:  BICEP 2 Microwave: Wisconsin Microwave Aniastropy Probe, Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (COBE) Gamma Ray,Neutrino observatory, Optical telescope, etc.
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Verilog: 8 to 1 Multiplexer (8-1 MUX) Dataflow Modelling with Testbench Code

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  Verilog Code for 8 to 1 Multiplexer Dataflow Modelling module mux_8to1(     input a, input b, input c, input D0, input D1, input D2, input D3, input D4, input D5, input D6, input D7, output out, ); module m81( output out, input D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, S0, S1, S2); assign S1bar=~S1; assign S0bar=~S0; assign S2bar=~S2; assign out = (D0 & S2bar & S1bar & S0bar) | (D1 & S2bar & S1bar & S0) | (D2 & S2bar & S1 & S0bar) + (D3 & S2bar & S1 & S0) + (D4 & S2 & S1bar & S0bar) + (D5 & S2 & S1bar & S0) + (D6 & S2 & S1 & S0bar) + (D7 & S2 & S1 & S0); endmodule //Testbench code for 8-1 MUX Dataflow Modelling initial begin // Initialize Inputs a= 0;b = 0;c = 0;D0 = 1;D1 = 0;D2 = 0;D3 = 0;D4 = 0;D5 = 0;D6 = 0;D7 = 0; // Wait 100 ns for global reset to finish #100; // Add stimulus here #100; a = 0;b = 0;c = 1;d0 = ...
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VLSI: 1-4 DEMUX (Demultiplexer) Dataflow Modelling with Testbench

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Verilog Code for 1-4 DEMUX Dataflow Modelling module demux_1_to_4(     input d,     input s0,     input s1,     output y0,     output y1,     output y2,     output y3     ); assign s1n = ~ s1; assign s0n = ~ s0; assign y0 = d& s0n & s1n; assign y1 = d & s0 & s1n; assign y2 = d & s0n & s1; assign y3 = d & s0 & s1; endmodule //Testbench code for 1-4 DEMUX Dataflow Modelling initial begin                              // Initialize Inputs ...
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VLSI: 4-1 MUX Dataflow Modelling with Testbench

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Verilog Code for 4-1 MUX Dataflow Modelling module m41(out, i0, i1, i2, i3, s0, s1); output out; input i0, i1, i2, i3, s0, s1; assign y0 = (i0 & (~s0) & (~s1)); assign y1 = (i1 & (~s0) & s1); assign y2 = (i2 & s0 & (~s1)); assign y3 = (i3 & s0 & s1); assign out = (y0 | y1 | y2 | y3); endmodule //Testbench code for 4-1 MUX Dataflow Modelling initial begin                              // Initialize Inputs                              a = 1;b = 0;c = 0;d = 0;s0 = 0;s1 = 0;        ...
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VLSI: Half Subtractor and Full Subtractor Gate Level Modelling

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Half Subtractor: Verilog Module Code: module half_subtractor (      input  a,      input  b,      output  diff       output  borr ); wire x; xor (diff,a,b); not (x,a); and (borr,x,b); endmodule Full Subtractor: Verilog Module Code: module full_subtractor (      input  a,      input  b,      input  c,      output  diff       output  borr ); wire x,n2,z,n1; xor s1(x,a,b); not s3(n2,x); not s4(n1,c); and s5(y,n1,b); xor s2(diff,a,x); and s6(z,n2,a); or (borr,y,z); endmodule
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Full Subtractor Verilog Code in Structural/Gate Level Modelling with Testbench

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Verilog Code for Full Subtractor Structural/Gate Level Modelling module  full_sub(borrow,diff,a,b,c); output  borrow,diff; input  a,b,c; wire w1,w4,w5,w6; xor (diff,a,b,c); not n1(w1,a); and a1(w4,w1,b); and a2(w5,w1,c); and a3(w6,b,c); or o1(borrow,w4,w5,w6); endmodule //Testbench code for Full Subtractor Structural/Gate Level Modelling initial  begin // Initialize Inputs a = 0; b = 0; c = 0; // Wait 100 ns for global reset to finish #100; // Add stimulus here #100; a = 0;b = 0;c = 1; #100; a = 0;b = 1;c = 0; #100; a = 0;b = 1;c = 1; #100; a = 1;b = 0;c = 0; #100; a = 1;b = 0;c = 1; #100; a = 1;b = 1;c = 0; #100; a = 1;b = 1;c = 1; end Output: RTL Schematic: Full Subtractor Verilog Other Verilog Programs: Go to Index of  Verilog Programming
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